五：结尾段
我们知道文章的开头很重要 ， 因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力 。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷 。确切地说 ， 结尾的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来 ， 提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地 。但是，如何才能写好英文短文的结尾呢? 下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法：
【1】．重复中心思想: 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果 。
(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.
(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.
【2】．作出结论: 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点 。
(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.
【3】．应用引语: 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力 。
(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "God helps those who help themselves."
(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."
【4】．用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的 ， 具有明显的强调作用 ， 引起读者思考 。
(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?
(例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?
【5】．提出展望或期望: 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动 。
(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.
(例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.
以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用的方法，但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定 。平铺直叙的记叙文，往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了，而说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文都应有一个正式的结尾 。希望以上介绍的几种方法能对大家写好结尾有所帮助 。
六、开头段：
【芝麻开门】
开头段一定要语言精练 ， 并且直接切入主题 。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨 ， 具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行 。一般在开头段写四、五句即可 。开头段的作用：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图 。
【写作要点】
写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题:1)开头偏离主题太远；2)使用抱歉或埋怨之词句；3)内容不具体，言之无物；4)使用不言自明的陈述 。
【方法例释】
写作文时，好多考生也是觉得开头难，其实 ， 写开头段有多种表达方法，如主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法，等等，下面分别讲解开头的几种展开方法:
【1.】主题句法：开篇点明主题，用主题句，然后围绕主题内容进行发展 。例如：
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one?s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things.
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