④用because(由于)代替due to the fact that(鉴于下列事实)
第二种方法是省略同义词或近义词，比如在下面例句中，形容词important(重要的)和significant(有重要意义的) ， 就是两个同义词(也可以说是近义词)，我们可以省略important ， 只保留significant 。
①The government project is important and significant.(这项政府计划是重要的，有重要意义 。)
②The government project is significant.(这项政府计划有重要意义 。)
第三种方法是在不改变句子含义的前提下，省略所有可以省略的单词，比如在下面例句中，the cover of the book(书的封面)可以省略成the book cover ， is red in color(是红色的)可以省略成is red 。
①The cover of the book is red in color.(书的封面是红色的)
②The book cover is red.(书的封面是红色的)
最后我们把这三种方法结合起来，将一个冗长、绕嘴的句子 ， 改写成一个简短、易懂的句子 。
①University malls must be accessible and free from congestion in order that students, faculty and employees may have unobstructed passage through those areas of the campus.(校内道路必须是便于通行的，不拥堵的，以便让学生、教师和职员能够无阻碍地通过 ， 到达校园的各处 。)
②University malls must be free enough from congestion to allow people to walk through easily.(校内道路不应当拥堵，以便人们顺利通行 。)
四：段落发展的手段及结尾段的写法
在上一讲我们讲了主题句，推展句的写法；这一讲我们要进一步来谈一谈段落发展的几种手段以及结尾段的写法 。
1、段落发展的几种手段
【列举法(details)】
作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行 。
Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.
根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯 。常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等 。
【举例法(example)】
作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实 ， 所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少 。
我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落 。
There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.
本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容 。举例法中常用的连接词有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等 。
【叙述法(narration)】
叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用 ， 有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段 。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：
In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.
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