covid-19|2021年初COVID-19大流行的优先事项

柳叶刀COVID-19委员会于2020年7月9日启动 , 该委员会的目标是提供切实可行的对策 , 以应对大流行所带来的全球性挑战 。 新年伊始 , 委员会发表声明 , 提出2021年初COVID-19大流行的优先事项 。 委员会呼吁在应对COVID-19的过程中采取三项紧急行动 , 并指出:现在比以往任何时候都需要更加支持多边体系 , 从而有效地向所有国家提供专业知识和COVID-19的疫苗、疗法及其他重要用品 。
柳叶刀COVID-19委员会(TheLancetCOVID-19 Commission)呼吁在应对COVID-19的过程中采取以下三项紧急行动(详见官方网站https://covid19commission.org/enhancing-global-cooperation) 。 首先 , 包括美国和欧盟在内的所有COVID-19新增病例率较高的地区都应加强措施 , 在迅速部署COVID-19疫苗的同时 , 尽可能减少社区传播的发生 。 第二 , 各国政府应当为世卫组织(WHO)和包括“新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划”(COVAX)在内的“获取COVID-19工具加速计划”(Access to COVID-19 Tools, ACT加速计划)提供紧急和充足的资金支持[1] 。 第三 , 二十国集团(G20)国家应授权国际货币基金组织和多边开发银行 , 以扩大融资和债务减免的规模 。 要在遏制传播、快速接种疫苗和紧急融资这三个方面取得成功 , 需要进一步加强全球合作 。
美国、欧洲、南非和其他一些国家的社区传播率很高(每日每百万人口COVID-19新增确诊病例超过100例[2]) , 这表明SARS-CoV-2出现了新的变异株 , 比如英国的谱系B.1.1.7新冠毒株[3-7] , 南非的501Y.V2[8] , 以及美国加利福尼亚[9, 10]和巴西[11, 12]等地出现的其他病毒变种 。 新的病毒谱系正在扩大疫情的传播 , 同时也增加了撒哈拉以南的非洲等受COVID-19影响较小地区的感染风险[13–15] 。 此外 , 早期COVID-19感染的获得性免疫可能对一些新的SARS-CoV-2的病毒变种的保护作用较小[16] 。 突变谱系也可能降低COVID-19疫苗的效力 , 因此还需要适应性疫苗或接种加强剂次[17, 18] 。
东亚和太平洋地区的COVID-19新增确诊病例数(该地区大部分国家每日每百万人口新增确诊病例少于10例)始终低于北美和欧洲地区 。 这些国家病例数较少的原因是这些国家成功实施了一系列全面的防控措施 , 包括边界限制及其他行动限制 , 广泛使用口罩和保持社交距离等行为改变 , 大规模检测、反向追踪(确定疫情来源)和正向追踪(确定新发病例的接触者)等公共卫生系统的积极监测措施 , 以及隔离检疫所有疑似病例 , 并对确诊病例实施设施隔离等 。 美国和欧盟未能实施上述全面防控措施 , 且美国的50个州和欧盟的27个成员国在2020年采取的防控措施普遍过于分散 。 缺乏集中的统一防控管理破坏了COVID-19防控 , 尤其是美国的州际旅行和欧盟国家间旅行[19] 。 因此 , 美国和欧盟都需要在2021年加强对疫情自上而下的协调防控 。
在应对COVID-19的过程中 , 通过纳入全民健康覆盖和社区卫生工作者形成更强大的卫生体系至关重要 。 全世界至少有一半人口难以获得基本医疗卫生服务[20] 。 加强以社区为基础和促进性别平等的卫生体系对于实施包容性和全面性的COVID-19免疫接种至关重要 。
迄今为止 , COVID-19疫苗的全球推广既不具包容性 , 也没有充分规划 。 到2021年底 , COVAX的目标免疫覆盖率应至少达到各参与国20%的人口[21] , 该计划需交付20亿剂COVID-19疫苗 。 然而 , 由于高收入国家在等候有限的COVID-19疫苗时排在前面 , 能否及时向COVAX提供疫苗仍是个问题 。
截至2021年2月9日 , 全球共发放了1.4808亿剂COVID-19疫苗 , 其中4, 321万在美国、4, 052万在中国、1, 836万在欧盟、1, 358万在英国 , 共计1.1567亿剂疫苗[22] 。 非洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比海地区和亚洲(不包括中国)等的其他国家却只获得了极少量的疫苗剂量 , 或者根本没有[22] 。 不同国家和地区之间对COVID-19疫苗的不平等可及性 , 究其原因 , 一方面是由于难以管理两种mRNA疫苗所需的超冷供应链 , 另一方面是由于高收入国家不通过COVAX , 而是直接与疫苗制造商达成疫苗供应协议 。
如果能为COVAX提供更多有保障的资金 , 就可以激励为中低收入国家扩大COVID-19疫苗的生产与发放服务 , 并确保COVAX在疫苗队列中的位置 。 为了在2021年取得实质性进展 , COVAX应在2021年获得200-400亿美元的担保资金 , 这也将成为支持疫苗扩大生产的坚定协议 。 此外 , 发展中国家疫苗生产商网络(Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network)的成员应当与COVAX共同努力 , 大规模生产低成本疫苗 。 印度和南非呼吁紧急豁免世界贸易组织(WTO)的《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPS)中与预防、遏制或治疗COVID-19相关的知识产权[23] 。 《柳叶刀》COVID-19委员会在所有情况下都支持紧急豁免TRIPS , 这将有助于迅速扩大生产和分发拯救生命的COVID-19疫苗和治疗剂的生产及分发的规模 , 并指出这项行动不仅关乎中低收入国家的利益 , 也有助于在世界范围内尽快遏制疫情[24] 。
COVID-19大流行期间 , 在迫切需要增加政府开支的时候 , 各国政府的收入骤然下降[25] 。 因此 , 对紧急赤字融资的需求是前所未有的 。 高收入国家能够通过在资本市场借款以及中央银行的公开市场业务为巨额赤字融资 , 这些业务部分将新债务货币化 。 然而 , 如果中低收入国家将自己的财政赤字和开放市场业务当作美国和欧洲国内生产总值的一部分来运作的话 , 那么大多数中低收入国家将面临利率激升、货币贬值和高通货膨胀的风险 。 因此 , 高收入国家出现巨额预算赤字的同时[26] , 最贫穷的国家正在减少投资 , 以便用于紧急社会开支[27] 。 然而更糟糕的是 , 许多最贫穷的国家都无法支付紧急社会需求的费用 。
国际货币基金组织和多边开发银行(世界银行和区域开发银行)的成立正是为了应对这些紧急情况 。 2020年 , 国际货币基金组织向85个国家提供了约1,055亿美元的紧急融资[28] 。 我们欢迎国际货币基金组织重新分配储备货币的特别提款权(Special Drawing Rights, SDRs) 。 由于国际货币基金组织补充了其成员国的国际储备 , 新的特别提款权分配对于那些在COVID-19疫情中面临国际收支短缺的国家来说尤为重要 , 可以通过创新的方式筹集资金 , 提高COVAX的融资能力 。 如果同意额外拨付约6500亿美元的特别提款权 , 中低收入国家可获得的拨款数额将具有重大的宏观经济效益 。 同样 , 应支持多边开发银行大幅增加基础设施的长期融资 , 以确保COVID-19不会破坏可持续发展目标和其他发展目标 , 如利用可再生能源的大规模电气化和普及数字技术等 。
现在比以往任何时候都需要更加支持多边体系 , 以便有效地向所有国家提供专业知识和COVID-19的疫苗、疗法及其他重要用品(如个人防护设备和COVID-19检测试剂盒) 。 多边合作应包括技术培训与合作、积极分享最佳实践以及全面部署各类国际政策工具 , 包括紧急多边融资、WTO-TRIPS协议的灵活性 , 以及包括WHO、ACT加速计划和COVAX在内的全球机构的积极合作 。 END
作者利益声明及参考文献
*Commissioners of the Lancet COVID-19 Commission, Task Force Chairs and members of the Lancet COVID-19 Commission?, Commission Secretariat and Staff of the Lancet COVID-19 Commission?
sachs@columbia.edu
LA reports grants from the Sustainable Development and Solutions Network related to this Comment and grants from the Global Happiness Council, unrelated to this Comment. JA reports personal fees from consulting for companies and organisations across many sectors regarding COVID-19 risk reduction strategies: K-12 schools, universities, child-care centres, homeless shelters, commercial real estate, industry, biotech, finance, entertainment, media organisations, faith-based organisations, courts and prisons, and government and has only accepted consulting fees from for-profit organisations, unrelated to this Comment. KSR is a member of the Executive Group of the International Steering Group of the WHO SOLIDARITY Trial (Therapeutics), Chair of the WHO Guidelines Development Group on Hypertension Treatment, and is a member of the WHO EMRO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. PD reports a grant from Johnson & Johnson to one of EcoHealth Alliance’s scientists to conduct work analysing deforestation and health patterns in southeast Asia and this work is unrelated to this Comment and PD is a member of the WHO team investigating the origins of COVID-19 in China but is acting in his own personal capacity as a volunteer and is considered an independent scientist acting as a temporary expert adviser to WHO for the period of the work and his involvement in the Comment has no relationship to the work conducted for WHO. PH and MEB are developers of a COVID-19 vaccine construct, which was licensed by Baylor College of Medicine to Biological E Ltd, a commercial vaccine manufacturer for scale-up, production, testing, and licensure. VG is an employee of the International Monetary Fund (Director of the Fiscal Affairs Department). All other authors declare no competing interests. The authors’ views and opinions in this Comment do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions, universities, or health systems with which they are affiliated.
参考文献
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*中文翻译仅供参考 , 所有内容以英文原文为准 。


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