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交通安全|【中英文】IIHS对自动驾驶的灵魂拷问，比人更安全吗？( 三 )


Crashes due to only sensing and perceiving errors accounted for 24 percent of the total, and incapacitation accounted for 10 percent. Those crashes might be avoided if all vehicles on the road were self-driving — though it would require sensors that worked perfectly and systems that never malfunctioned. The remaining two-thirds might still occur unless autonomous vehicles are also specifically programmed to avoid other types of predicting, decision-making and performance errors.
因感知错误造成的事故占24% ， 而因驾驶员丧失能力造成的占 10% 。 如果路上的所有车辆都实现自动驾驶 ， 这些事故是可以避免的 ——但这需要车辆传感器工作正常和系统运转良好 。剩下的三分之二的事故仍然可能会发生 ， 除非自动驾驶车辆的程序也能避免其他几种类型的错误 。
Consider the crash of an Uber test vehicle that killed a pedestrian in Tempe, Arizona, in March 2018. Its automated driving system initially struggled to correctly identify 49-year-old Elaine Herzberg on the side of the road. But once it did, it still was not able to predict that she would cross in front of the vehicle, and it failed to execute the correct evasive maneuver to avoid striking her when she did so.
Planning and deciding errors, such as speeding and illegal maneuvers, were contributing factors in about 40 percent of crashes in the study sample. The fact that deliberate decisions made by drivers can lead to crashes indicates that rider preferences might sometimes conflict with the safety priorities of autonomous vehicles. For self-driving vehicles to live up to their promise of eliminating most crashes, they will have to be designed to focus on safety rather than rider preference when those two are at odds.
在研究样本中 ， 约40%的事故是由决策失误（如超速和非法操作）造成的 。 驾驶员经过深思熟虑做出的决定可能导致撞车事故 ， 这一事实表明 ，驾驶员的决策和偏好有时可能与自动驾驶车辆的安全优先级相冲突 。 自动驾驶汽车要想实现消除大多数事故的承诺 ， 就必须在设计时重视车辆安全 ， 而不是在两者发生冲突时关注驾驶者的偏好 。
Self-driving vehicles will need not only to obey traffic laws but also to adapt to road conditions and implement driving strategies that account for uncertainty about what other road users will do, such as driving more slowly than a human driver would in areas with high pedestrian traffic or in low-visibility conditions.
自动驾驶车辆不仅需要遵守交通法规 ， 还需要考虑路况 ， 考虑到其他道路使用者的不确定性 ， 并采取相应驾驶策略 。 例如在行人流量大或能见度低的地方 ， 要开得比人更慢 。
“Our analysis shows that it will be crucial for designers to prioritize safety over rider preferences if autonomous vehicles are to live up to their promise to be safer than human drivers,” Mueller says.
Mueller说：“我们的分析表明 ， 如果自动驾驶汽车要实现比人类驾驶汽车更安全的承诺 ， 那么设计师就必须将安全性放在优先于驾驶者偏好的位置 。 ”
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