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为啥有的人隔三差五感冒，而有的人一年半载不感冒一次

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First childhood flu helps explain why virus hits some people harder than others第一次儿童流感有助于解释为什么一些人比其他人更容易感染病毒Researchers also report that travel-related screening for coronavirus will identify less than half of those infected
研究人员还报告说，与旅行有关的冠状病毒筛查将识别出不到一半的感染者
Date:February 4, 2020Source:University of California - Los AngelesSummary:Why are some people better able to fight off the flu than others? Part of the answer, according to a new study, is related to the first flu strain we encounter in childhood.
日期: 2020年2月4日来源: 加州大学洛杉矶分校摘要: 为什么有些人比其他人更能抵抗流感？ 根据一项新的研究，部分答案与我们在童年时期遇到的第一种流感有关。
Taking temperature of child (stock image).Credit: ? ladysuzi / Adobe Stock
为啥有的人隔三差五感冒，而有的人一年半载不感冒一次
测量孩子的温度(图片库)
Why are some people better able to fight off the flu than others? Part of the answer, according to a new study, is related to the first flu strain we encounter in childhood.为什么有些人比其他人更有能力抵抗流感？ 根据一项新的研究，部分答案与我们在童年时期遇到的第一种流感有关Scientists from UCLA and the University of Arizona have found that people\u0026#39;s ability to fight off the flu virus is determined not only by the subtypes of flu they have had throughout their lives, but also by the sequence in which they are been infected by the viruses. Their study is published in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens.
加州大学洛杉矶分校和亚利桑那大学的科学家们发现，人们抵抗流感病毒的能力不仅取决于他们一生中所经历的流感亚型，还取决于他们被病毒感染的顺序。 他们的研究发表在开放获取期刊公共科学图书馆病原体。
The research offers an explanation for why some people fare much worse than others when infected with the same strain of the flu virus, and the findings could help inform strategies for minimizing the effects of the seasonal flu.
这项研究解释了为什么有些人在感染同一种流感病毒时比其他人的情况更糟糕，而且这些发现可能有助于制定减少季节性流感影响的策略。
In addition, UCLA scientists, including Professor James Lloyd-Smith, who also was a senior author of the PLoS Pathogens research, recently completed a study that analyzes travel-related screening for the new novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV.
此外，加州大学洛杉矶分校的科学家们，包括詹姆斯 · 劳埃德 · 史密斯教授，他也是《公共科学图书馆病原体研究》的资深作者，最近完成了一项分析旅游相关的新型冠状病毒2019-nCoV 的筛选研究。
The researchers report that screening travelers is not very effective for the 2019 coronavirus -- that it will catch less than half of infected travelers, on average -- and that most infected travelers are undetectable, meaning that they have no symptoms yet, and are unaware that they have been exposed. So stopping the spread of the virus is not a matter of just enhancing screening methods at airports and other travel hubs.
研究人员报告说，对旅行者进行筛查对于2019年的冠状病毒并不十分有效---- 平均而言，这种方法只能抓住不到一半的受感染旅行者---- 而且大多数受感染旅行者检测不到，这意味着他们还没有症状，也没有意识到他们。 因此，阻止病毒的传播并不仅仅是加强机场和其他旅游枢纽的检查方法。
"This puts the onus on government officials and public health officials to follow up with travelers after they arrive, to isolate them and trace their contacts if they get sick later," said Lloyd-Smith, a UCLA professor of ecology and evolutionary biology. Many governments have started to impose quarantines, or even travel bans, as they realize that screening is not sufficient to stop the spread of the coronavirus.
加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)生态学和进化生物学教授劳埃德-史密斯(Lloyd-Smith)表示: “这使得政府官员和公共卫生官员有责任在旅客到达后进行跟踪，隔离他们，并在他们以后生病时追踪他们的联系人。 许多政府已经开始实施隔离，甚至禁止旅行，因为他们意识到筛查不足以阻止冠状病毒的传播。
One major concern, Lloyd-Smith said, is that other countries, especially developing nations, lack the infrastructure and resources for those measures, and are therefore vulnerable to importing the disease.
劳埃德-史密斯说，一个主要的担忧是，其他国家，特别是发展中国家，缺乏采取这些措施的基础设施和资源，因此容易受到进口这种疾病的影响。
"Much of the public health world is very concerned about the virus being introduced into Africa or India, where large populations exist do not have access to advanced medical care," he said.
他说: “许多公共卫生界人士都非常担心这种病毒会传播到非洲或印度，因为那里有大量人口无法获得先进的医疗服务。”。
The researchers, including scientists from the University of Chicago and the London School of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine, have developed a free online app where people can calculate the effectiveness of travel screening based on a range of parameters.
包括芝加哥大学和伦敦热带卫生与医学院的科学家在内的研究人员开发了一个免费的在线应用程序，人们可以根据一系列参数来计算旅行筛查的有效性。
Solving a decades-old question
解决一个几十年前的问题
The PLoS Pathogens study may help solve a problem that had for decades vexed scientists and health care professionals: why the same strain of the flu virus affects people with various degrees of severity.
公共科学图书馆病原体的研究可能有助于解决一个困扰科学家和医疗保健专业人员数十年的问题: 为什么同一种流感病毒会影响不同程度的严重人群。
A team that included some of the same UCLA and Arizona scientists reported in 2016 that exposure to influenza viruses during childhood gives people partial protection for the rest of their lives against distantly related influenza viruses. Biologists call the idea that past exposure to the flu virus determines a person\u0026#39;s future response to infections "immunological imprinting."
2016年，包括加州大学洛杉矶分校和亚利桑那州的科学家在内的一个研究小组报告说，在儿童时期接触流感病毒可以部分保护人们的余生免受远亲流感病毒的侵害。 生物学家把过去接触流感病毒决定一个人未来对感染的反应的想法称为“免疫印记”
The 2016 research helped overturn a commonly held belief that previous exposure to a flu virus conferred little or no immunological protection against strains that can jump from animals into humans, such as those causing the strains known as swine flu or bird flu. Those strains, which have caused hundreds of spillover cases of severe illness and death in humans, are of global concern because they could gain mutations that allow them to readily jump not only from animal populations to humans, but also to spread rapidly from person to person.
2016年的这项研究有助于推翻一个普遍的观点，即之前接触过流感病毒的人对可以从动物传染给人类的病毒株几乎没有或根本没有免疫保护作用，比如导致猪流感或禽流感病毒株的病毒株。 这些菌株引起了数百起人类严重疾病和死亡的溢出病例，引起了全球的关注，因为它们可能获得突变，使它们不仅能够从动物种群迅速传播到人类，而且能够在人与人之间迅速传播。
In the new study, the researchers investigated whether immunological imprinting could explain people\u0026#39;s response to flu strains already circulating in the human population and to what extent it could account for observed discrepancies in how severely the seasonal flu affects people in different age groups.
在这项新的研究中，研究人员调查了免疫印记是否可以解释人们对已经在人群中传播的流感病毒的反应，以及在多大程度上可以解释观察到的季节性流感对不同年龄组人群影响严重程度的差异。
To track how different strains of the flu virus affect people at different ages, the team analyzed health records that the Arizona Department of Health Services obtains from hospitals and private physicians.
为了追踪不同类型的流感病毒如何在不同年龄段影响人们，研究小组分析了亚利桑那州卫生服务部从医院和私人医生那里获得的健康记录。
Two subtypes of influenza virus, H3N2 and H1N1, have been responsible for seasonal outbreaks of the flu over the past several decades. H3N2 causes the majority of severe cases in high-risk elderly people and the majority of deaths from the flu. H1N1 is more likely to affect young and middle-aged adults, and causes fewer deaths.
在过去的几十年中，H3N2和 H1N1这两种亚型流感病毒导致了流感的季节性爆发。 H3n2导致大多数高危老年人的严重病例和大多数死于流感的人。 甲型 H1N1流感更有可能影响中青年成年人，并导致较少的死亡。
The health record data revealed a pattern: People first exposed to the less severe strain, H1N1, during childhood were less likely to end up hospitalized if they encountered H1N1 again later in life than people who were first exposed to H3N2. And people first exposed to H3N2 received extra protection against H3N2 later in life.
健康记录数据揭示了一个模式: 在童年时期首次接触到不太严重的 H1N1型病毒的人，如果在以后的生活中再次接触到 H1N1型病毒，那么他们最终住院的可能性比首次接触 H3N2型病毒的人要小。 第一次接触 H3N2的人在以后的生活中得到了额外的保护，免受 H3N2的侵害。
The researchers also analyzed the evolutionary relationships between the flu strains. H1N1 and H3N2, they learned, belong to two separate branches on the influenza "family tree," said James Lloyd-Smith, a UCLA professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and one of the study\u0026#39;s senior authors. While infection with one does result in the immune system being better prepared to fight a future infection from the other, protection against future infections is much stronger when one is exposed to strains from the same group one has battled before, he said.
研究人员还分析了流感病毒株之间的进化关系。 他们了解到，H1N1和 H3N2属于流感“系谱”中的两个分支，加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)生态学和进化生物学教授、该研究的资深作者之一詹姆斯 · 劳埃德-史密斯(James Lloyd-Smith)说。 他说，虽然感染其中一种病毒确实会使免疫系统更好地准备对抗另一种病毒的未来感染，但是当一个人接触到之前与之抗争过的同一组病毒株时，对未来感染的保护就会更强。
The records also revealed another pattern: People whose first childhood exposure was to H2N2, a close cousin of H1N1, did not have a protective advantage when they later encountered H1N1. That phenomenon was much more difficult to explain, because the two subtypes are in the same group, and the researchers\u0026#39; earlier work showed that exposure to one can, in some cases, grant considerable protection against the other.


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